Ibha Engagqwali Eyindilinga Enekhwalithi Enhle

Insimbi (Fe): iyisici sensimbi esiyisisekelo sensimbi engagqwali;

I-Chromium (Cr): iyisici esiyinhloko sokwakha i-ferrite, i-chromium ehlanganiswe nomoya-mpilo ingakhiqiza ifilimu yokudlulisa i-Cr2O3 engagqwali, ingenye yezinto eziyisisekelo zensimbi engagqwali ukuze ilondoloze ukumelana nokugqwala, okuqukethwe kwe-chromium kwandisa ikhono lokulungisa ifilimu yokudlulisa i-passivation yensimbi, okuqukethwe kwe-chromium yensimbi engagqwali okujwayelekile kumele kube ngaphezu kuka-12%;

I-Carbon (C): iyisici esiqinile sokwakha i-austenite, ingathuthukisa kakhulu amandla ensimbi, ngaphezu kwe-carbon ekumelaneni nokugqwala nayo inomthelela omubi;

I-Nickel (Ni): iyisici esiyinhloko sokwakha i-austenite, inganciphisa ukugqwala kwensimbi nokukhula kwezinhlamvu ngesikhathi sokushisa;

I-Molybdenum (Mo): iyisici sokwakha i-carbide, i-carbide eyakhiwe izinzile kakhulu, ingavimbela ukukhula kwezinhlamvu ze-austenite uma ishiswa, inciphise ukuzwela kokushisa okukhulu kwensimbi, ngaphezu kwalokho, i-molybdenum ingenza ifilimu yokudlulisa ibe nkulu futhi iqine, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise ngempumelelo ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali i-Cl-;

I-Niobium, i-titanium (Nb, Ti): iyizakhi eziqinile ezakha i-carbide, ingathuthukisa ukumelana kwensimbi nokugqwala kwe-intergranular. Kodwa-ke, i-titanium carbide inomthelela omubi ekhwalithini yobuso bensimbi engagqwali, ngakho-ke insimbi engagqwali enezidingo eziphezulu zobuso ngokuvamile ithuthukiswa ngokungeza i-niobium ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza.

I-nitrogen (N): iyisakhi esiqinile esakha i-austenite, ingathuthukisa kakhulu amandla ensimbi. Kodwa ukuqhekeka okuguga kwensimbi engagqwali kunomthelela omkhulu, ngakho-ke insimbi engagqwali ihlose ukulawula ngokuqinile okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen.

I-Phosphorus, i-sulfur (P, S): iyisici esiyingozi ensimbini engagqwali, ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nokunyatheliswa kwensimbi engagqwali kungaba nomthelela omubi.